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![Stripped: Los Angeles Stripped: Los Angeles](https://photocdn.stream/webp_poster/eT3eV72HhSFpn6UMqrotO5pJHXz.webp)
Stripped: Los Angeles (2020)
HD
IMDB: 1
80 min
Overview:
An unflinching look at Los Angeles' top exotic & private dancers. Enter with a full-access pass into the lives of five women whose raw ambitions drive them through struggles and taboo to female empowerment.